{"metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Access rights"],"pl":["Prawa dostępu"]},"value":{"en":["The use of this material is allowed only with accordance of applicable rules of fair use or other exceptions provided by law, and any broader use requires the permission of the authorized entity"],"pl":["Korzystanie z tego materiału jest możliwe zgodnie z właściwymi przepisami o dozwolonym użytku lub innych wyjątkach przewidzianych w przepisach prawa, a korzystanie w szerszym zakresie wymaga uzyskania zgody uprawnionego"]}},{"label":{"en":["License"],"pl":["Licencja"]},"value":{"en":["Making materials available on the basis of the agreement with the owner of the property copyrights"],"pl":["Udostępnianie na podstawie umowy z właścicielem majątkowych praw autorskich"]}},{"label":{"en":["Autor opisu"],"pl":["Autor opisu"]},"value":{"en":["WR U/PAdal"],"pl":["WR U/PAdal"],"universal":["WR U/PAdal"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract Language "],"pl":["Język streszczenia"]},"value":{"en":["eng"],"pl":["eng"],"universal":["eng"]}},{"label":{"en":["Detailed Type"],"pl":["Szczegółowy typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["article"],"pl":["artykuł"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date issued"],"pl":["Data wydania"]},"value":{"en":["2021"],"pl":["2021"],"universal":["2021"]}},{"label":{"en":["Role"],"pl":["Rola"]},"value":{"pl":["Sadowski, Mirosław : Redaktor","Scheffler, Tomasz : Redaktor"]}},{"label":{"en":["Alternative title"],"pl":["Tytuł odmienny"]},"value":{"en":["Central Lithuania as a puppet state from international law perspective"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract"],"pl":["Abstrakt"]},"value":{"en":["The article concerns the legal status of Central Lithuania as a so-called puppet state from the point of view of international law. The very concept of a puppet state is based upon the apparent fulfilment of the Montevideo criteria \u2014 which boils down to the lack of effectiveness. The reasons for establishing such an entity are varied, but they are all politically biased. The points of reference are primarily Bantustans and Manchukuo \u2014 they are key instances of puppet states discussed in legal literature. In the case of Poland, the establishment of Central Lithuania was an imminent effect of the Polish-Soviet War. On the one hand, the goal of setting up the Central Lithuania as a puppet state was undoing the effects of the war with totalitarian Soviet Russia using the fait accompli method. On the other hand, it was about the legitimacy of territorial change which occurred as a result of a territorial referendum on the future of the Vilnius region. The key issue related to establishing puppet states is a need to refer to a very formal approach to international law. However, such an approach is not widely supported by legal writings on international law. As the result a puppet state has to face the allegation of being contrafactual since the very moment of its emergence. That means that a territorial change done by establishing a puppet state cannot be eventually legitimized. One of the criteria mentioned in the Montevideo Convention is a \u201ccapacity to enter into relations with the other states\u201d. Notwithstanding, it is a precondition or an effect of statehood that capacity reflects the attitude of the international community to the \u201cnewly emerged state\u201d. If can clearly be seen in the cases of Bantustans and Manchukuo. So, e.g., Manchukuo maintained consular relations with a few states, including Poland. However, Central Lithuania did not maintain international relations, but it was not relevant in this very case. That is because Central Lithuania existed for a year and a half. In addition, it took place shortly after the end of the First World War and the Polish-Soviet War, and during an ongoing armed conflict between Poland and Lithuania. The illusion of statehood of Central Lithuania was manifested by the establishment of Department of Foreign Affairs, which was not in the position to represent Central Lithuania in the realm of international relations. Most of all, Central Lithuania did not participate in Polish-Lithuanian negotiations \u2014 that entity was an object here. Above all, these negotiations concerned the future status of Central Lithuania. The fact that relations with Central Lithuania were within the competencies of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs is the only argument in favour of acknowledging Central Lithuania as a foreign state in relation to Poland. There was a delegate of Poland at the Provisional Governing Commission. Members of the Provisional Governing Commission were communicating with that delegate, without the need of involving the Department of Foreign Affairs, which made the department completely unnecessary. The correspondence of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the authorities of Central Lithuania reveals that the relations between the two entities were not diplomatic. Poland did not recognize the statehood of Central Lithuania but rather acknowledged the fact that it is abroad. At the same time, Central Lithuania was dependent upon Poland, e.g. for food supplies. Central Lithuania can be seen as shaping stage Polish of east border after ending of war with Soviet Russia based on totalitarian ideology. That is an interesting example of Poland instrumentalizing international in its critical moment. However, such an approach to international law is a two-edged sword."]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject and Keywords"],"pl":["Temat i słowa kluczowe"]},"value":{"en":["international law","notion of state","puppet state","recognition of state","effectiveness in international law","instrumentalization of international law as a result of confrontation with totalitarianism"],"pl":["prawo międzynarodowe","pojęcie państwa","państwo marionetkowe","uznanie państwa","efektywność w prawie międzynarodowym","instrumentalizacja prawa międzynarodowego jako rezultat konfrontacji z totalitaryzmem"]}},{"label":{"en":[" Is version of"],"pl":["Jest wersją"]},"value":{"pl":["https://wuwr.pl/sfzh/article/view/13578 Czasopisma Naukowe w Sieci (CNS)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"],"pl":["Opis"]},"value":{"en":["Is a continuation of: Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi ; 1 (1974) \u2013 33 (2011) ; ISSN 0137-1126"],"pl":["Stanowi kontynuację: Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi ; 1 (1974) \u2013 33 (2011) ; ISSN 0137-1126"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"],"pl":["Wydawca"]},"value":{"pl":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"]}},{"label":{"en":["Contributor"],"pl":["Współtwórca"]},"value":{"pl":["Sadowski, Mirosław","Scheffler, Tomasz"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Type"],"pl":["Typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["text"],"pl":["tekst"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"],"pl":["Identyfikator"]},"value":{"en":["ISSN 0239-6661","ISSN 0137-1126"],"pl":["ISSN 0239-6661","ISSN 0137-1126"],"universal":["ISSN 0239-6661","ISSN 0137-1126"]}},{"label":{"en":["Title"],"pl":["Tytuł"]},"value":{"pl":["Litwa Środkowa jako państwo marionetkowe z perspektywy prawa międzynarodowego"]}},{"label":{"en":["Creator"],"pl":["Twórca"]},"value":{"pl":["Stępień, Michał"]}},{"label":{"en":["Place of publishing"],"pl":["Miejsce wydania"]},"value":{"pl":["Wrocław"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"],"pl":["Źródło"]},"value":{"en":["PAd P 101182 II"],"pl":["PAd P 101182 II"],"universal":["PAd P 101182 II"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"],"pl":["Język"]},"value":{"en":["pol"],"pl":["pol"],"universal":["pol"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights holder"],"pl":["Właściciel praw"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o.","Copyright by CNS"],"pl":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o.","Copyright by CNS"],"universal":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o.","Copyright by CNS"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"],"pl":["Powiązanie"]},"value":{"pl":["Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis, 0239-6661, No 4077"]}},{"label":{"en":["WUL Catalog"],"pl":["Katalog BUWr"]},"value":{"en":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:454332"],"pl":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:454332"],"universal":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:454332"]}},{"label":{"en":["PLMET"],"pl":["PLMET"]},"value":{"en":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"],"pl":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"],"universal":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"]}},{"label":{"en":["Group publication title"],"pl":["Tytuł publikacji grupowej"]},"value":{"pl":["Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem. 2021, 43, nr 3"]}}],"id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/manifest","label":{"pl":["Litwa Środkowa jako państwo marionetkowe z perspektywy prawa międzynarodowego"]},"type":"Manifest","@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","items":[{"width":1600,"id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/canvas/page1","label":{"@none":["PDF/28_M_Stepien_Litwa_Srodkowa_jako_panstwo_marionetkowe_z_perspektywy_prawa_miedzynarodowego.pdf"]},"type":"Canvas","items":[{"id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/annotation/page1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"motivation":"painting","id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/annotation/page1/1","type":"Annotation","body":{"format":"application/pdf","id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/137172/PDF/28_M_Stepien_Litwa_Srodkowa_jako_panstwo_marionetkowe_z_perspektywy_prawa_miedzynarodowego.pdf","label":{"@none":["PDF/28_M_Stepien_Litwa_Srodkowa_jako_panstwo_marionetkowe_z_perspektywy_prawa_miedzynarodowego.pdf"]},"type":"Text"},"target":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/annotation/page1"}]}],"height":1200}]}