{"metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Detailed Type"],"pl":["Szczegółowy typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["article"],"pl":["artykuł"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract Language "],"pl":["Język streszczenia"]},"value":{"en":["eng"],"pl":["eng"],"universal":["eng"]}},{"label":{"en":["Access rights"],"pl":["Prawa dostępu"]},"value":{"en":["The use of this material is allowed only with accordance of applicable rules of fair use or other exceptions provided by law, and any broader use requires the permission of the authorized entity"],"pl":["Korzystanie z tego materiału jest możliwe zgodnie z właściwymi przepisami o dozwolonym użytku lub innych wyjątkach przewidzianych w przepisach prawa, a korzystanie w szerszym zakresie wymaga uzyskania zgody uprawnionego"]}},{"label":{"en":["License"],"pl":["Licencja"]},"value":{"en":["Making materials available on the basis of the agreement with the owner of the property copyrights"],"pl":["Udostępnianie na podstawie umowy z właścicielem majątkowych praw autorskich"]}},{"label":{"en":["Tags"],"pl":["Tagi"]},"value":{"en":["crime"]}},{"label":{"en":["Alternative title"],"pl":["Tytuł odmienny"]},"value":{"en":["The Nuremberg trial in Franciszek Ryszka\u2019s historical-and-legal analyses. The concept of criminal and crime"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract"],"pl":["Abstrakt"]},"value":{"en":["Franciszek Ryszka August 4th, 1924\u2013March 31th, 1998 \u2014 lawyer, historian of the state, law and political-and-legal thought, political philosopher, researcher of the recent history, the Second Polish Republic, the occupation period and the communist times \u2014 specialized in the history of Nazi Germany. Analyzing the Nuremberg trials, F. Ryszka paid special attention to the concept of \u201ccriminals\u201d and \u201ccrime.\u201d Statute of the International Military Tribunal defined the substantive premises for the punishment of the Third Reich\u2019s major war criminals and also the very concept of \u201ccriminal.\u201d However, it was the Americans who played the dominant role in the Nuremberg trials. They introduced the concept of a \u201ccollective crime,\u201d understood as a participation in the Nazi conspiracy. They enforced the concept, which was ultimately adopted in the indictment, of conspiracy, denoting the organized criminal activity, realizing criminal purpose through belonging to the same organization or group the activities of which exhaust all the defining features of conspiracy crimes, crimes against peace, war crimes and crimes against humanity. The indictment included those found guilty of serious felonies and criminal groups which fulfilled the definition of \u201ccriminal organization.\u201d The Court did not, however, recognize the government of the Reich, SA, and OKW as criminal organizations because it was not proven during the trial that just the very fact of being a member of those organizations could be equaled with a conscious participation in criminal organization. According to the Tribunal\u2019s decision, the criminal responsibility for belonging to criminal organizations was limited tothe time of war, because no one could have been called to account for belonging to an organization before September 1st, 1939. It should also be pointed out that the most important achievement of the Tribunal was the recognition of the war of aggression as the most serious international crime which subsumes the rest of war crimes."]}},{"label":{"en":["Autor opisu"],"pl":["Autor opisu"]},"value":{"en":["WR U/PAdbg"],"pl":["WR U/PAdbg"],"universal":["WR U/PAdbg"]}},{"label":{"en":["Role"],"pl":["Rola"]},"value":{"pl":["Maciejewski, Marek : Redaktor","Marszał, Maciej : Redaktor"]}},{"label":{"en":["Related Identifier Type"],"pl":["Typ identyfikatora"]},"value":{"en":["ISSN"],"pl":["ISSN"],"universal":["ISSN"]}},{"label":{"en":["Volume"],"pl":["Tom/Rocznik"]},"value":{"en":["33"],"pl":["33"],"universal":["33"]}},{"label":{"en":["First Page"],"pl":["Pierwsza strona"]},"value":{"en":["455"],"pl":["455"],"universal":["455"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Title"],"pl":["Tytuł źródłowy"]},"value":{"pl":["Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis. Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date issued"],"pl":["Data wydania"]},"value":{"en":["2011"],"pl":["2011"],"universal":["2011"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Type"],"pl":["Typ zasobu źródłowego"]},"value":{"pl":["Czasopismo"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date copyrighted"],"pl":["Data zastrzeżenia praw autorskich"]},"value":{"en":["2011"],"pl":["2011"],"universal":["2011"]}},{"label":{"en":["Related Identifier"],"pl":["Powiązany identyfikator"]},"value":{"en":["ISSN: 0137-1126"],"pl":["ISSN: 0137-1126"],"universal":["ISSN: 0137-1126"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"],"pl":["Opis"]},"value":{"pl":["Tytuł zeszytu: Polskie interpretacje totalitaryzmu i autorytaryzmu"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"],"pl":["Wydawca"]},"value":{"en":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"],"pl":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"],"universal":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"]}},{"label":{"en":["Contributor"],"pl":["Współtwórca"]},"value":{"pl":["Maciejewski, Marek","Marszał, Maciej"]}},{"label":{"en":["LastPage"],"pl":["Ostatnia strona"]},"value":{"en":["466"],"pl":["466"],"universal":["466"]}},{"label":{"en":["Title"],"pl":["Tytuł"]},"value":{"pl":["Proces norymberski w historyczno-prawnych analizach Franciszka Ryszki. Pojęcie przestępcy i przestępstwa"]}},{"label":{"en":["Creator"],"pl":["Twórca"]},"value":{"pl":["Kanarek, Anna"]}},{"label":{"en":[" Is version of"],"pl":["Jest wersją"]},"value":{"en":["https://wuwr.pl/sfzh/article/view/1138"],"pl":["https://wuwr.pl/sfzh/article/view/1138"],"universal":["https://wuwr.pl/sfzh/article/view/1138"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject and Keywords"],"pl":["Temat i słowa kluczowe"]},"value":{"en":["Ryszka, Franciszek (1924-1998)","Numremberg trial","criminal"],"pl":["Ryszka, Franciszek (1924-1998)","proces norymberski","przestępca","przestępstwo"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"],"pl":["Język"]},"value":{"en":["pol"],"pl":["pol"],"universal":["pol"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights holder"],"pl":["Właściciel praw"]},"value":{"en":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o."],"pl":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o."],"universal":["Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o."]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"],"pl":["Powiązanie"]},"value":{}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Type"],"pl":["Typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["text"],"pl":["tekst"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"],"pl":["Identyfikator"]},"value":{}},{"label":{"en":["Source"],"pl":["Źródło"]},"value":{"en":["PAd P 101182 II"],"pl":["PAd P 101182 II"],"universal":["PAd P 101182 II"]}},{"label":{"en":["Place of publishing"],"pl":["Miejsce wydania"]},"value":{"en":["Wrocław"],"pl":["Wrocław"],"universal":["Wrocław"]}},{"label":{"en":["WUL Catalog"],"pl":["Katalog BUWr"]},"value":{"en":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:109947"],"pl":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:109947"],"universal":["https://helios.bu.uni.wroc.pl:8443/lib/item?id=chamo:109947"]}},{"label":{"en":["PLMET"],"pl":["PLMET"]},"value":{"en":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"],"pl":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"],"universal":["https://docs.psnc.pl/spaces/FBCMETGUIDE/overview"]}}],"id":"https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/manifest","label":{"pl":["Proces norymberski w historyczno-prawnych analizach Franciszka Ryszki. 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