{"metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Access rights"],"pl":["Prawa dostępu"]},"value":{"en":["The use of this material is allowed only with accordance of applicable rules of fair use or other exceptions provided by law, and any broader use requires the permission of the authorized entity"],"pl":["Korzystanie z tego materiału jest możliwe zgodnie z właściwymi przepisami o dozwolonym użytku lub innych wyjątkach przewidzianych w przepisach prawa, a korzystanie w szerszym zakresie wymaga uzyskania zgody uprawnionego"]}},{"label":{"en":["License"],"pl":["Licencja"]},"value":{"en":["Making materials available on the basis of the agreement with the owner of the property copyrights"],"pl":["Udostępnianie na podstawie umowy z właścicielem majątkowych praw autorskich"]}},{"label":{"en":["Autor opisu"],"pl":["Autor opisu"]},"value":{"en":["WR U/PAdbg"],"pl":["WR U/PAdbg"],"universal":["WR U/PAdbg"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract Language "],"pl":["Język streszczenia"]},"value":{"en":["eng"],"pl":["eng"],"universal":["eng"]}},{"label":{"en":["Detailed Type"],"pl":["Szczegółowy typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["article"],"pl":["artykuł"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Title"],"pl":["Tytuł źródłowy"]},"value":{"pl":["Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date issued"],"pl":["Data wydania"]},"value":{"en":["2013"],"pl":["2013"],"universal":["2013"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Type"],"pl":["Typ zasobu źródłowego"]},"value":{"pl":["Czasopismo"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date copyrighted"],"pl":["Data zastrzeżenia praw autorskich"]},"value":{"en":["2013"],"pl":["2013"],"universal":["2013"]}},{"label":{"en":["Alternative title"],"pl":["Tytuł odmienny"]},"value":{"en":["The birth of freedom or the heritage of enslavement. The bases of the American liberal doctrine regarding freedom of expression"]}},{"label":{"en":["Abstract"],"pl":["Abstrakt"]},"value":{"en":["The purpose of the article is to investigate the most important events in the evolution of law and doctrine regarding freedom of expression in the British colonies of North America. For certain, philosophical treaties brought over the Atlantic on ships arriving from the European metropolis were not the only factors influencing the ultimate shape of the American Constitution and the First Amendment. Indigenous experiences of the colonies \u2014 meaning the events preceding the United States\u2019 independence \u2014 also rested at the foundations of these normative acts. In particular, the role played by legislative assemblies and governors of individual colonies deserves to be investigated. Apart from that, also legal trials which became a battlefi eld between pro-independence aspirations of the colonists and despotic impulses of metropolitan authority are worth special attention. The trial of Peter Zenger serves as the best example. All those experiences certainly had an impact on the views and attitudes of the Founding Fathers which in turn can be discovered in the constitutional text, where the fight against despotism for the largest possible scope of civil rights remains one of the basic assumptions."]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject and Keywords"],"pl":["Temat i słowa kluczowe"]},"value":{"en":["American liberal doctrine","freedom of expression","freedom"],"pl":["amerykańska doktryna liberalna","wolność słowa","wolność"]}},{"label":{"en":[" Is version of"],"pl":["Jest wersją"]},"value":{}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"],"pl":["Wydawca"]},"value":{"en":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"],"pl":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"],"universal":["Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego"]}},{"label":{"en":["Contributor"],"pl":["Współtwórca"]},"value":{"pl":["Maciejewski, Marek","Scheffler, Tomasz"]}},{"label":{"en":["Resource Type"],"pl":["Typ zasobu"]},"value":{"en":["text"],"pl":["tekst"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"],"pl":["Identyfikator"]},"value":{}},{"label":{"en":["Related Identifier"],"pl":["Powiązany identyfikator"]},"value":{"en":["ISSN: 2300-7249"],"pl":["ISSN: 2300-7249"],"universal":["ISSN: 2300-7249"]}},{"label":{"en":["Related Identifier Type"],"pl":["Typ identyfikatora"]},"value":{"en":["ISSN"],"pl":["ISSN"],"universal":["ISSN"]}},{"label":{"en":["Volume"],"pl":["Tom/Rocznik"]},"value":{"en":["35"],"pl":["35"],"universal":["35"]}},{"label":{"en":["Issue"],"pl":["Numer"]},"value":{"en":["3"],"pl":["3"],"universal":["3"]}},{"label":{"en":["First Page"],"pl":["Pierwsza strona"]},"value":{"en":["105"],"pl":["105"],"universal":["105"]}},{"label":{"en":["LastPage"],"pl":["Ostatnia strona"]},"value":{"en":["120"],"pl":["120"],"universal":["120"]}},{"label":{"en":["Title"],"pl":["Tytuł"]},"value":{"pl":["Narodziny wolności czy dziedzictwo zniewolenia. 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