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		<identifier>oai:repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl:140193</identifier>
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<dc:title xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Is a forged signature an “apple” or a “fruit salad”?]]></dc:title>
<dc:creator><![CDATA[Elmaleh, Terry]]></dc:creator>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[forensic handwriting examination]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[reliability and validity]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[signature comparison specimens]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[signature and handwriting verification]]></dc:subject>
<dc:subject xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[signature and handwriting forgeries]]></dc:subject>
<dc:description xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[This article is penned as a result of the continuous significant findings in my daily forensic handwriting examination practice and experience. The methodology and process followed in any forensic handwriting examination are central to its interpretation and reliability – the repeatability and reproducibility of the same tests giving the same results; its validity concerning the appropriateness of the chosen methodology and process; and the resulting accuracy or discriminative reliability of the expert opinion in reflecting the true state of the evidence. In this regard, the present article poses the question firstly as to whether a forged signature is fundamentally a signature or handwriting? Once the implication of that question is understood and answered, the ensuing one is: in the interests of reliability, validity, accuracy, and best practice, what categories of comparison samples of the forger’s writing should be used as evidence to analyse, compare, and evaluate a questioned signature, the forger’s signatures, initials, or handwriting? In short: in the pursuit of identifying authorship of any forged writing, and specifically a forged signature, whether disguised, free-hand simulated, traced, or even spuriously created, should the so-called apple be compared to apples (which would imply comparison to the signatures of the forger in the case of a forged signature), or is the forged signature a fruit salad that should be compared to the full potentiality and repertoire of the entire writing skill range and master pattern of the suspected forger?]]></dc:description>
<dc:description xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Wrocław]]></dc:description>
<dc:publisher><![CDATA[Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego]]></dc:publisher>
<dc:contributor><![CDATA[Kalisz, Tomasz]]></dc:contributor>
<dc:contributor><![CDATA[Cieśla, Rafał]]></dc:contributor>
<dc:date><![CDATA[2022]]></dc:date>
<dc:type xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[text]]></dc:type>
<dc:type xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[tekst]]></dc:type>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[https://doi.org/10.19195/2084-5065.64.7]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[http://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/Content/140193/PDF/07_T_Elmaleh_Is_a_forged_signature_an_apple_or_a_fruit_salad.pdf]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[https://repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl/dlibra/publication/149483/edition/140193/content]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:identifier><![CDATA[oai:repozytorium.uni.wroc.pl:140193]]></dc:identifier>
<dc:language><![CDATA[eng]]></dc:language>
<dc:relation><![CDATA[https://czasopisma.uwr.edu.pl/nkp/article/view/14980]]></dc:relation>
<dc:rights xml:lang="de"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="de"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="uk"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="uk"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[The use of this material is allowed only with accordance of applicable rules of fair use or other exceptions provided by law, and any broader use requires the permission of the authorized entity]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="en"><![CDATA[Making materials available on the basis of the agreement with the owner of the property copyrights]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="it"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="it"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="fr"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego sp. z o.o.]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Copyright by CNS]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Korzystanie z tego materiału jest możliwe zgodnie z właściwymi przepisami o dozwolonym użytku lub innych wyjątkach przewidzianych w przepisach prawa, a korzystanie w szerszym zakresie wymaga uzyskania zgody uprawnionego]]></dc:rights>
<dc:rights xml:lang="pl"><![CDATA[Udostępnianie na podstawie umowy z właścicielem majątkowych praw autorskich]]></dc:rights>
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