@misc{Hułkewycz_Wołodymyr_Karnoprawna_2022,
 author={Hułkewycz, Wołodymyr},
 copyright={Copyright by Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego Sp. z o.o.},
 copyright={Copyright by CNS},
 address={Wrocław},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2022},
 publisher={Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego},
 language={pol},
 abstract={The attack of the Russian Federation on Ukraine on 24 February 2022 and the subsequent hostilities on the territory of Ukraine constitute the largest military conflict in Europe since the end of World War II. From the first days of the attack on Ukraine, the Russian armed forces have openly and extensively violated generally accepted laws and customs of war. Russian troops fire rockets, artillery, and other weapons, including prohibited weapons, at Ukrainian towns and villages, targeting civilian objects: hospitals, schools, universities and museums, houses, and cultural heritage sites. In the temporarily occupied territory of some regions of Ukraine, the Russian soldiers are killing, kidnapping and raping civilians, stealing and destroying public and private property, including agricultural products. The invaders also steal and export Ukrainian cultural property. The Ukrainian cultural heritage has suffered the greatest blow since the conquest of Ukraine by Bolshevik Russia in the first half of the last century and the occupation of Ukraine by Nazi Germany during World War II. Despite the state of war, Ukrainian law enforcement agencies are obliged to investigate crimes against the national cultural heritage. Ukraine is a party to the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and its two protocols. Art. 438 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides for criminal liability for looting of national valuables and other violations of laws and customs of war under international treaties, approved by the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine, as well as ordering such actions. Some vagueness in the wording of the features of this crime cannot impede the effective investigation of crimes against cultural heritage. At the same time, the importance of investigating crimes against Ukrainian cultural heritage encourages the improvement of the provision on criminal liability and its presentation in accordance with the provisions of Art. 15 of the Second Protocol to the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict. The efforts of Ukrainian law enforcement agencies and prosecutors to investigate crimes against cultural heritage deserve international support. The revealed instances of destruction of cultural heritage sites and illegal export of Ukrainian cultural property outside the state must be thoroughly analyzed. All available methods, including monitoring of social networks and specialized online auctions, should be used to investigate crimes against the national cultural heritage.},
 abstract={Napad Rosìjsʹkoï Federacìï na Ukraïnu 24 lûtogo 2022 roku ta podalʹšì voênnì dìï na teritorìï Ukraïn ê najbìlʹšim vìjsʹkovim konflìktom u Êvropì pìslâ zakìnčennâ Drugoï svìtovoï vìjni. Z perših dnìv napadu na Ukraïnu rosìjsʹkì zbrojnì sili vìdkrito ta širokomasštabno porušuûtʹ zagalʹnoviznanì zakoni ta zvičaï vìjni. Rosìjsʹkì vìjsʹka obstrìlûûtʹ raketami, artilerìêû ta ìnšimi, u tomu čislì zabronenimi vidami zbroï, ukraïnsʹkì mìsta ta sela, obiraûči cìlâmi dlâ napadu civìlʹnì ob`êkti: lìkuvalʹnì ustanovi, zakladi osvìti ta kulʹturi, žitlovì budinki, obêkti kulʹturnoï spadŝini. Na timčasovo okupovanìj teritorìï okremih oblastej Ukraïni rosìjsʹkì vìjsʹkovì ubivaûtʹ, vikradaûtʹ ta gvaltuûtʹ mirnih žitelìv, vikradaûtʹ ta zniŝuûtʹ deržavne ta privatne majno, u tomu čislì produkti sìlʹsʹkogo gospodarstva. Zagarbniki vikradaûtʹ ta vivozâtʹ za mežì deržavi ukraïnsʹkì kulʹturnì cìnnostì.Ukraïnsʹka kulʹturna spdaŝina zaznaê najbìlʹšogo udaru z časìv zagarbannâ Uk-raïni bìlʹšovicʹkoû Rosìêû u peršìj polovinì minulogo stolìttâ ta okupacìï Ukraïni nacistsʹkoû Nìmeččinoû pìd čas Drugoï svìtovoï vìjni. Nezvažaûči na stan vìjni, ukraïnsʹkì pravoohoronnì organi zobovâzanì rozslìduvati zločini proti nacìonalʹnoï kulʹturnoï spadŝini. Ukraïna ê storonoû Konvencìï pro ohoronu kulʹturnih cìnnostej u vipadku vìjsʹkovogo konflìktu 1954 roku ta dvoh protokolìv do cìêï konvencìï. Stattâ 438 Krimìnalʹnogo kodeksu Ukraïni peredbačaê krimìnalʹnu vìdpovìdalʹnìstʹ za rozgrabuvannâ nacìonalʹnih cìnnostej ta za ìnšì porušennâ porušennâ zakonìv ta zvičaïv vìjni, ŝo peredbačenì mìžnarodnimi dogovorami, zgoda na obov`âzkovìstʹ âkih nadana Verhovnoû Radoû Ukraïni, a takož vìddannâ nakazu pro včinennâ takih dìj. Pevna nečìtkìstʹ u formulûvannì oznak cʹogo zločinu ne može zavaditi efektivnomu rozslìduvannû zločinìv proti kulʹturnoï spadŝini. Vodnočas, zvažaûči na važlivìstʹ rozslìduvannâ zločinìv proti ukraïnsʹkoï kulʹturnoï spadŝini, docìlʹno udoskonaliti pripis pro krimìnalʹnu vìdpovìdalʹnìstʹ, viklavši jogo vìdpovìdno do položenʹ st. 15 Drugogo Protokolu do Konvencìï pro ohoronu kulʹturnih cìnnostej u vipadku vìjsʹkovogo konflìktu 1954 roku. Zusillâ ukraïnsʹkih pravoohoronnih organìv ta prokuraturi ŝodo rozslìduvannâ zločinìv proti kulʹturnoï spradŝini zaslugovuûtʹ mìžnarodnoï pìdtrimki. Viâvlenì fakti zniŝennâ ob`êktìv kulʹturnoï spadŝini, nezakonnogo vivezennâ ukraïnsʹkih kulʹturnih cìnnostej za mežì deržavi povinnì buti vsebìčno rozslìduvanì. Dlâ dokumentuvannâ vikritih zločinìv proti nacìonalʹnoï kulʹturnoï spadŝini neobhìdno vikoristovuvati usì dostupnì metodi, u tomu čislì monìtoring socìalʹnih merež, specìalìzovanih ìnternet-aukcìonìv.},
 type={text},
 title={Karnoprawna ochrona dziedzictwa kulturowego w Ukrainie w sytuacji konfliktu zbrojnego},
 keywords={cultural heritage, cultural property, criminal law protection, armed conflict, Russia’s attack on Ukraine, kulʹturna spadŝina, kulʹturnì cìnnostì, krimìnalʹno-pravova ohorona, zbrojnij konflìkt, napad Rosìï na Ukraïnu},
}