@misc{Koziczak_Anna_Wysoka_2023,
 author={Koziczak, Anna},
 copyright={Copyright by Wydział Prawa, Administracji i Ekonomii Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego, 2023},
 address={Wrocław},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2023},
 publisher={Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. Wydawnictwo "Szermierz"  sp. z o.o.},
 language={pol},
 abstract={Due to the low identification value of initials, id est signatures with the most abbreviated and simplified form, expert opinions confirming their authenticity are often noncategorical. However, when making negative conclusions, experts are usually less cautious and categorically rule out the authenticity of initials if the reference material is stable, i.e. it is characterized by repetitive graphic features and the questioned initial clearly differ from it. Although it is difficult to depart from the habitual way of writing, all the experimental studies so far prove that for at least a few per cent of people, this task is entirely feasible. Moreover, the likelihood of creating a signature utterly different from the natural one is greater the shorter the signature is. Hence, it is risky to exclude the authenticity of the initials rashly. Negative opinions should therefore be formulated as carefully as positive opinions. The more so as the unjustified exclusion of the initial’s authenticity may lead to the innocent person being convicted of the offence of using the falsified document},
 type={text},
 title={Wysoka powtarzalność cech graficznych jako argument w ekspertyzach paraf},
 doi={https://doi.org/10.19195/978-83-229-3843-0.9},
 keywords={signature research, initials, authenticity of initials, identification of initials, handwriting expert},
}